Can you take Kristalose everyday?To completely dissolve the crystals in the Kristalose package, you need to use about 120 ml. Complete KRISTALOSE For Oral Solution Sample Request Form - Rxassist 2020-2023 online with US Legal Forms. Administer with a full glass (240 mL) of water or juice. GoodRx has partnered with InsideRx and Cumberland Pharmaceuticals to reduce the price for this prescription. Docusate/senna has an average rating of 8. Lactulose is available only by prescription. Controlled studies have shown that lactulose solution therapy reduces the blood ammonia levels by 25 to 50%; this is generally paralleled by an improvement in the patients' mental state and by an improvement in EEG patterns. Uses: This medication is a laxative used to treat constipation. Lactulose works by. com. 6 g galactose, less than 1. DESCRIPTION. The pH range is 3. In one small. Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. Read all information given to you. Because it comes in a liquid form, it's easy to administer—simply add it to regular meals or give directly. Lactulose has an average rating of 7. 15-30 ml. Lactulose is used to treat constipation. Also contains water. 3 out of 10 from a total of 18 ratings on Drugs. Kristalose is a proprietary prescription laxative and unique crystalline form of lactulose that treats acute and chronic constipation. 3 g galactose and lactose as a total sum. Eat prunes and bran cereal. DrugBank Accession Number. Diarrhea . Generlac has an average rating of 10. Then, squeeze the enema to insert the fluid into the rectum. Signs of high blood sugar like confusion, feeling sleepy, more thirst, more hungry, passing urine more often, flushing, fast breathing, or breath that smells like fruit. Lactulose is a disaccharide derivative of lactose used to treat constipation and portal systemic encephalopathy. Types of laxatives include: Bulk-forming laxatives (such as fiber, psyllium, or polycarbophil). GoodRx has partnered with InsideRx and Sebela Pharmaceuticals to reduce the price for this prescription. Lactulose is used as a stool softener to help treat constipation. Serious side effects; Other side effects;. It is a man-made sugar solution. Stimulant laxatives cause the intestine to contract, moving the stool. This medication is a laxative used to treat constipation. There are currently no generic alternatives for Kristalose. Bloating. 2. Each 15 mL of lactulose solution contains: 10 g lactulose (and less than 1. It helps to treat chronic constipation. Medscape - Constipation dosing for Enulose, Kristalose (lactulose), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & infant schedules, and cost information. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier which promotes laxation. It’s available under the brand names Senna-S, Dok Plus, or Senexon-S. Do not take more often than told by the doctor. Kristalose-20-GM-Powder-for-Oral-Solution. [3] It generally begins working after 8–12 hours, but may take up to 2 days to improve constipation. En pacientes con antecedentes de estreñimiento crónico, el tratamiento con lactulosa aumenta la cantidad de defecaciones por día y la cantidad de días en los que se producen tales defecaciones. Lactulose should only be given during pregnancy when need has been clearly established. Kristalose 20 GM Powder for Oral Solution is used to treat chronic constipation. Lactulose (Constulose, Enulose, Generlac, Kristalose) View full drug information; Lactulose is a synthetic, nonabsorbable disaccharide that is available as a 70% solution. Use Kristalose medicine regularly to get the most benefit from it. This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription. 0 to 7. 29. It may help to increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days you have a bowel movement. Delivery & Return Free Shipping. Includes 57% savings for Prime member. This is important to understand, as most cats will not need a dose over 0. Funciona al extraer el amoníaco de la sangre al colon donde se desecha del cuerpo. All doses may be given as a single daily dose or in 2 divided doses. Dalam kondisi akut, laktulosa dapat diberikan setiap 1–2 jam. GoodRx has partnered with InsideRx and Cumberland Pharmaceuticals to reduce the price for this prescription. Twenty-four to 48 hours may be required to produce a normal bowel movement. +0. 5% in those aged over 60 years [], with a higher susceptibility in females and individuals under a low socioeconomic status [1, 2]. You can find. Controlled studies have shown that Kristalose therapy reduces the blood ammonia levels by 25–50%; this is generally paralleled by an improvement in the patients' mental state and by an improvement in EEG patterns. These moisten and lubricate the stool making it easier to pass. Maintenance dose: 15-30 mL (10-20 g or 1-2 sachets) daily. KRISTALOSE (lactulose) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of crystals for reconstitution prior to use for oral administration Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. KRISTALOSE ® (lactulosa) para solución oral está indicado para el tratamiento del estreñimiento. slurred speech. Loratadine (also known as Claritin or Alavert) Loratadine is an over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamine medication given to dogs for the following: vaccine reactions, itchy skin, blood transfusion reactions, bee stings, insect bites, snake bites, and mast cell tumor inflammation. Each 15 mL of Lactulose Solution USP contains 10 g lactulose (and less than 1. 57% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 35% reported a negative effect. For example, vomiting due to hypercalcemia requires different treatment from that due to elevated intracranial pressure. Antihistamines reduce symptoms of allergies. Brand names: Enulose, Kristalose, Generlac Cholac Constilac. 6 g galactose,. trouble breathing. Rect: To administer enema, use rectal balloon catheter. 乳果糖 （英語： Lactulose ）是一种不会被吸收的 糖 ，用来治疗 便秘 和 高血氨症 [3] [4] 。. Signs of high blood sugar like confusion, feeling sleepy, more thirst, more hungry, passing urine more often, flushing, fast breathing, or breath that smells like fruit. nausea or vomiting. Polyethylene Glycols. What the brain perceives as stress is also perceived as stress by the bowels. This can result in constipation or loose stools. 0 to 7. The drug is only available from compounding pharmacies in most countries. The usual dose is 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls (15 to 30 mL, containing 10 g to 20 g of lactulose) daily. The product's dosage form is powder, for solution and is administered via oral form. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Oral. If the patient misses a dose of Kristalose, take it as soon as you remember. Adolescents over 14 years. This can cause too much absorption of the mineral oil. You may report side effects to FDA. They add volume to your stool to help push it through your. 0. It belongs to a group of medications called laxatives. 19, 1. Kristalose Powder for Oral Solution is a drug used in the relief of chronic or long term constipation. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Your healthcare provider will pick the drug that might work best for you based on the results of your tests. 3 g galactose and lactose as a total sum. En pacientes con antecedentes de estreñimiento crónico, el tratamiento con lactulosa aumenta la cantidad de defecaciones por día y la cantidad de días en los que se producen tales defecaciones. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier that works by increasing. 2 g or less of other sugars). severe diarrhea. 0 to 7. It is broken down in the large intestine into mild acids that draw water into the colon, which helps soften the stools. Lactulose. Kristalose Instant Savings Program: Eligible patients may pay as little as $5 per fill with savings of up to $125 per 30-day prescription; patients may download and redeem a new savings offer each month; for additional information contact the program at 855-584-6194. This softens the stool, making it easier to have a bowel movement. 0 to 7. nausea, vomiting. increased sweating. The usual dose is 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls (15 to 30 mL, containing 10 g to 20 g of lactulose) daily. Kristalose comes in packets of 10g and 20g. Adjust dosage to produce 2 to 3 soft stools per day. Diarrhea. Kristalose (lactulose) is a prescription-only osmotic laxative used for the treatment of constipation. Severe stomach pain, bloating, vomiting, or diarrhea. 67% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 33% reported a negative effect. Intake of 30 g glucose significantly increased all blood glucose endpoints vs 30 g liquid and crystal lactulose, respectively (all P < 0. Kristalose Dosage and Administration Adult 10–20g dissolved in 4oz water daily; max 40g/day. 4 out of 10 from a total of 143 ratings on Drugs. Relief within days. Compare prices and print coupons for Lactulose (Generic Constulose and Enulose) and other drugs at CVS, Walgreens, and other pharmacies. The chemical name for lactulose is 4-O. Search the SingleCare website for prescription coupons—our customers regularly save up to 80% on prescription prices, and what’s more, the coupons can be applied to refills as well. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Lactulose Which relieves chronic constipation more effectively? Chronic constipation is a disorder in which an individualKristalose Side Effects Gas, bloating, burping, stomach rumbling/pain, nausea, and cramps may occur. What does Kristalose look like? Packet, 10 G. Reduces constipation in cats and dogs. The usual adult dosage is 10 g to 20 g of lactulose daily. KRISTALOSE SUMMARY KRISTALOSE ® (LACTULOSE) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of crystals for reconstitution prior to use for oral administration. Xifaxan has an average rating of 6. En pacientes con antecedentes de estreñimiento crónico, el tratamiento con lactulosa aumenta la cantidad de defecaciones por día y la cantidad de días en los que se producen tales defecaciones. Generic name: lactulose. The dose for lactulose for hepatic encephalopathy is 1-3 milliliters per 10 kilograms (not per a single kilogram). This is how osmotic laxatives work. LACTULOSE (LAK tyoo lose) treats constipation. KRISTALOSE (lactulose) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of crystals for reconstitution prior to use for oral administration Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. Prices start at $10. Trademarks, brands, logos, and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier that works by increasing stool water content and softening the stool. com. decreased sweating. Adult: The usual adult, oral dosage is 2 to 3 tablespoonfuls (30 to 45 mL, containing 20 g to 30 g of lactulose) three or four times daily. Dewasa. Nausea, vomiting, mild diarrhea. Lactulose is used to treat constipation. It may help to increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days you have a bowel movement. COMMON BRAND NAME (S): Cephulac, Chronulac, Constilac, Constulose, Duphalac, Evalose. Zelnorm and Amitiza are both used to treat IBS-C in adult women. Find comprehensive medical information for Kristalose oral on RxList including its uses, side effects, precautions, drug interactions, overdose, pill images & warnings Drugs & Vitamins Drugs A-Z Generic Drugs A-Z Drugs by Classification Drugs Comparison (Drug Vs. unusual tiredness or weakness. Hyperosmotic laxatives include lactulose and PEG 3350; they stimulate colonic fluid secretion and propulsive motility. Kristalose overdose symptoms may include: severe stomach cramps, diarrhea. 6. Kristalose puede obtenerse solo por receta de un profesional de la salud habilitado, tras una diligente declaración por parte de dicho profesional. Diarrhea . Kristalose is a hyperosmolar laxative which is used as an effective treatment approach for constipation. LACTULOSE/Kristalose (LAK tyoo lose) treats constipation. Drug Monograph. mood changes. 5 mL of the liquid. Lactulose, also known as Chronulac®, Cephulac®, Constilac® or Kristalose®, is a special type of laxative used to treat constipation and to assist in the management of a disorder called hepatic encephalopathy in dogs and cats. When you are allergic to something, your body releases histamines that. Kristalose Side Effects. These moisten and lubricate the stool making it easier to pass. Lactulose (brand names: Cephulac®, Kristalose®, Generlac®, Constulose®, Enulose®) is a disaccharide (sugar) laxative and ammonia reducer, used to reduce blood ammonia levels during liver dysfunction. Kristalose is a brand name medication included in a group of medications called Osmotically acting laxatives. of water,. Lactulose is sometimes used to treat or prevent certain conditions of the brain that are caused by liver failure. 5 million physician visits and 92,000 hospitalizations each year. 5 to 1ml per dose. Powder for Oral Solution is used to treat chronic constipation. En pacientes con antecedentes de estreñimiento crónico, el tratamiento con lactulosa aumenta la cantidad de defecaciones por día y la cantidad de días en los que se producen tales defecaciones. Dosing: Pediatric. Widely used laxatives are the stimulant preparations: these include senna, bisacodyl, sodium picosulfate and wheat bran. 67% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 22% reported a negative effect. Colace side effects. Lactulose is FDA-approved for human use under the brand names Constulose ®, Enulose ®, Generlac ®, and Kristalose ®. Osmotic laxatives can help relieve constipation by increasing the amount of fluid in the intestines. It may help to increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days you have a bowel movement. Easily fill out PDF blank, edit, and sign them. It helps increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days on which bowel movements occur in patients with a history of chronic (long-lasting) constipation. 3. Zelnorm (tegaserod) is approved for adult women with IBS-C who are under 65 years of age and are at low risk. 2 g lactose, and 0. Kristalose(R), a prescription laxative product that treats acute and chronic constipation, may be an effective option for physicians and pharmacists looking for a prescription alternative . 80. 4 out of 10 from a total of 139 reviews on Drugs. Kristalose is covered by some Medicare and insurance plans. Mix 300 mL of lactulose with 700 mL of water or 0. Get the full list here, including natural IBS agents. Kristalose is a powdered form of Lactulose. This drug is less popular than comparable drugs. Note: Some patients have found that lactulose solution may be more acceptable when mixed with fruit juice, water. This drug is less popular than comparable drugs. Kristalose is a powdered form of Lactulose. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier which promotes laxation. severe diarrhea. diarrhea, abdominal pain, gas, bloating, headache, and. 4 out of 10 from a total of 143 ratings on Drugs. Solution: The typical dose is 30 mL to 45 mL by mouth 3 or 4 times daily. Constipation in children has reported prevalence rates between 1% and 30%. Dissolve single dose packets (Kristalose) in 4 oz of water. Tell your doctor if you experience unlikely but serious side effects of Levsin including: mental/mood changes (e. 20-30 g (30-40 ml) orally every hour to induce rapid defecation; reduced to 20-30 g every 6-8 hours after defecation achieved. The chemical name for lactulose is 4-O. KRISTALOSE™ (LACTULOSE) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of crystals for reconstitution prior to use for oral administration. unusual tiredness or weakness. Gas, bloating, burping, stomach rumbling/pain, nausea, and cramps may occur. Therapeutic Category. Elderly, debilitated patients who receive lactulose for more than six. Kristalose 10 GM Powder for Oral Solution is used to treat chronic constipation. Kristalose is a proprietary prescription laxative and unique crystalline form of lactulose that treats acute and chronic constipation. Kristalose 20000 MG Powder for Oral Solution is used to treat chronic constipation. A successful colonoscopy requires an adequate preparation of the large bowel that facilitates clear visualization of the mucosal surface. Lactulose (Kristalose) is a synthetic, non-digestible double-sugar (disaccharide) used to treat chronic constipation and a complication of liver disease. Tell your doctor if you experience serious side effects of MiraLAX including severe or bloody diarrhea, bleeding from your rectum, blood in your stools, or severe and worsening stomach pain, cramping, or bloating. of water, offering patients a virtually taste-free, grit-free and essentially calorie-free alternative to lactulose syrups. Each 15 mL of solution contains 10 grams of lactulose. STORE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, 15°. En pacientes con antecedentes de estreñimiento crónico, el tratamiento con lactulosa aumenta la cantidad de defecaciones por día y la cantidad de días en los que se producen tales defecaciones. 0. The pH range is 3. Kristalose (with <0. swelling of the feet or lower legs. It is a unique, proprietary, crystalline form of lactulose, with no restrictions on length of therapy or patient age. 0. severe diarrhea. There are currently no generic alternatives for Kristalose. Nothing spectacular but the Kristalose at least did something. Ammonium Detoxicant; Hyperammonemia Agent; Laxative, Miscellaneous. The historical price table below includes all the price changes based on the monthly surveys of retail and chain pharmacies taken by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. GoodRx is not sponsored by or affiliated with any of the third-party brands identified. Kristalose dissolves quickly in 4 oz. KRISTALOSE (lactulose) For Oral Solution is available in single dose packets of 10 g (NDC 66220-719-01) and single dose packets of 20 g (NDC 66220-729-01). Elevations of methane or hydrogen after 90-100 minutes usually show bacteria in the large intestine, which is normal. 0 out of 10 from a total of 5 ratings on Drugs. Its use in cats, dogs, birds, and reptiles to treat high ammonia levels. 75 ml) twice daily. Lactulose has an average rating of 7. gov provides a comprehensive overview of the state profiles for Medicaid, the federal health insurance program for low-income and disabled Americans. Linzess works by increasing the movement of food and waste through the intestines. Hyperosmotic laxatives include lactulose and PEG 3350; they stimulate colonic fluid secretion and propulsive motility. However, Zelnorm is only approved in women less than 65 years old, whereas Amitiza does not have an age limit for use. Solution should be colorless to slightly pale yellow. As a prime member you can save on the price of your medications—here at Amazon Pharmacy and at over 60,000 retail pharmacies. These side effects are especially likely to occur when you first start taking the medication, but they typically go away on. Kristalose active ingredients, usages, indications, composition, dosages and other pharmaceutical product information. This medication should be taken by mouth as. Emollient stool softeners (such as docusate). They can cause side. Kristalose ® (lactulose) is the only branded prescription laxative product that combines the established safety and efficacy of lactulose with the convenience and portability of a pre-measured dose. Whole grains, such as brown rice and oats. It is a man-made sugar solution. Last updated on Dec 15, 2022. How to use Kristalose . Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. It is a man-made sugar solution. 0. Nausea, vomiting, mild diarrhea. The drug is only available from compounding pharmacies in most countries. Common side effects of lactulose may include: bloating, gas; stomach pain; diarrhea; or. The pH range is 3. oilatfi etflal BMJ Open Gastro 2218:e648 doi:11136bmgast221648 1 Polyethylene glycol versus lactulose in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta- analysis Gilles Jadd Hoilat ,1 Mohamad Fekredeen Ayas,2 Judie Noemie Hoilat,3 Ahmed Abu- Zaid, 4 Ceren Durer,1 Seren Durer,1 Talal Adhami,5 Savio John6 To cite:. These absorb water in the bowel and swell to bulk out the stool making it softer and easier to pass. Oral. Kristalose () is a member of the laxatives drug class and is commonly used for Constipation - Acute, Constipation - Chronic, and Hepatic Encephalopathy. UNSPSC Code. Kristalose is used in the treatment of chronic and habitual constipation, treatment of acute and the prevention and treatment of chronic Portal-systemic encephalopathy including the stages of hepatic pre-coma and coma. 7 to 6. Child: <1 year As 3. Lactulose belongs to a group of drugs called oral osmotic laxatives, ulcers, Kristalose, Side Effects & Warnings Lactulose is used to treat chronic constipation, tremors, Uses, Chronulac , anal fissures, Side Effects, These are brain disorders that result from liver Generic name: Lactulose (laxative) – oral, DuphalacI also have tried Kristalose (but that is a prescription). Polyethelyne Glycol vs. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier that works by increasing stool water content and softening the stool. 1. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA. Drug Monograph. The product's dosage form is powder, for solution and is administered via oral form. Each powder packet contains 10 grams or 20 grams of lactulose. There is no limit to this benefit for the first 90 days, and then a $200 limit for each 30-day supply thereafter. In the colon, lactulose is broken down primarily to lactic acid, and also to small amounts ofLess Serious Side Effects. com. infants 2. Lactulose (LAK tyoo lose) is a generic medication prescribed for constipation. Enulose is Lactulose for oral or rectal administration (as a retention enema which only is used in very late stages of Liver failure). Note: Some patients have found that lactulose solution may be more acceptable when mixed with fruit juice, water or. Lactulose is the standard of care till this date; however, polyethylene glycol (PEG) has gained the attention of multiple investigators. The term "osmotic" refers to the movement of a fluid through a membrane so that the concentration is equal on both sides. It works by increasing the amount of water your intestine absorbs. Kristalose ® (lactulose) is the only branded prescription laxative product that combines the established safety and efficacy of lactulose with the convenience and portability of a pre-measured dose. Common Trade Names: Kristalose; Adult Dosing Hepatic encephalopathy. Newer antihistamines — like loratadine (Claritin) and fexofenadine (Allegra) — are also less likely to cause constipation. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Los Angeles, CA 90066 (310)391-6741. 0. Lactulose formulation contains 10 g lactulose/15 mL of oral solution. 3 g. 1 out of 10 from a total of 253 ratings on Drugs. , during the weekend, or on a holiday, call 212-639-2000. Can be mixed with food or prepared with water. 0 out of 10 from a total of 5 ratings on Drugs. Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. Use Kristalose medicine regularly to get the most benefit from it. There is currently no generic alternative for Suprep Bowel Prep. Lactulose is a powerful medication designed to treat specific conditions such as liver disease and toxic ingestions. The packets are supplied as follows: NDC 66220-719-30 (Carton of thirty 10 g packets) NDC 66220-729-30 (Carton of thirty 20 g packets). Kristalose 20gm packet How to Take Kristalose Measure the oral liquid medicine with a marked measuring spoon, oral syringe, or medicine cup. Common side effects of GoLYTELY may include: vomiting, stomach pain, indigestion, bloating; rectal pain or irritation; hunger, thirst, mild nausea; trouble sleeping; or. Lactulose 167 MG/ML Oral Solution [Kristalose] is sometimes used to treat or prevent certain conditions of the brain that are caused by liver failure, which can lead to confusion, problems with memory or thinking, behavior changes, tremors, feeling irritable. Twenty-four to 48 hours may be required to produce a normal bowel movement. Rect: To administer enema, use rectal balloon catheter. 2. 1 out of 10 from a total of 253 ratings on Drugs. . It helps increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days on which bowel movements occur in patients with a history of chronic (long-lasting) constipation. numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or lips. This is important to understand, as most cats will not need a dose over 0. You shouldn't take docusate and mineral oil together. Portal Systemic Encephalopathy. It has also been used in the treatment of liver disease to help prevent ammonia from building up in the blood. The chemical name for lactulose is 4-O. Powder for Oral Solution is a type of sugar. KRISTALOSE (Brand for LACTULOSE) Information En Español What is this medication? LACTULOSE (LAK tyoo lose) treats constipation. As powder for solution: 10-20 g daily, may increase to 40 g daily if necessary. In other words, oxycodone can prevent your digestive tract from working as it should — resulting in constipation. 3 g galactose and lactose as a total sum. You may experience gas and bloating when first starting treatment with. There is no specific medical treatment for rectal prolapse. The product's dosage form is powder, for solution and is administered via oral form. Lactulose is a sugar solution, a disaccharide, created from two separate sugars. Good sources include whole grains found in cereals, breads, and brown rice, beans, vegetables and fresh or dried fruits. Confusion, weakness, and muscle twitching. nausea or vomiting. Kristalose is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of chronic constipation and is a generic version of lactulose which has been in use for more than 30 years. KRISTALOSE ® (lactulosa) para solución oral está indicado para el tratamiento del estreñimiento. There are several different types of oral laxatives and they work in different ways. Common Kristalose side effects include gas and cramps. Lactulose is a liquid medication prescribed to soften stools and manage the uncomfortable symptoms of constipation. In addition to adjusting your diet and lifestyle habits, you may need to use laxatives. For syrup products : Measure dose using a dosing spoon/cup. If a patient is on Kristalose for a long time, blood mineral levels should be tested periodically to monitor disease progression or check for Kristalose side effects. There, the resident large numbers of bacteria are able to digest the. The Kristalose would cause my CIC colon to produce 2 bowel movements a week instead of the usual 1 a week. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. The medication comes as a powder that’s dissolved in water. Enulose, Cephulac, Kristalose: Administration Form: Oral: Product Form: Solution: Health Condition: Digestive Issues, Liver Disease: Drug Type: Laxative: Uses. Constipation isn’t guaranteed to happen to everyone taking opioids like oxycodone, but it’s very common. Some are available. lactulose. Lactulose 167 MG/ML Oral Solution [Kristalose] is used to treat chronic constipation. Kristalose is indicated for the treatment of acute and chronic constipation. The dosage may be adjusted every day or two to produce 2 or 3 soft stools daily. Uses;. So what does Kristalose do?Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and more.